Life Lessons In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay - 849 Words

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay In this essay I will explain how three children named Scout, Jem, and Dill absorb some life lessons throughout the story. In this story two major things taught these kids life lessons, one of them would be Boo Radley a man who had his life stolen by his father who was a radical Christian, and the second would be the false rape charge against a black man named Tom Robinson. Also poverty and racism played a part too in teaching lessons. One of the biggest life lessons in â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† would be maintaining innocence and good of mankind. Throughout the book you can see how the evil of man conflicts with the children’s innocence. One of the first would be Boo Radley, his fathers radical ways made him not†¦show more content†¦This life lesson also shows that mockingbirds or good people can be anyone but they can easily be crushed by great evil such as racism and poverty. Like Mr. Raymond explaining that he simply prefers bla cks over whites and because of racism he decides to pretend he is drunk to give people a reason to his ways. And Bob Ewell, because of poverty and his bad decisions made him a drunk, abusive father who didn’t care about his kids. Another life lesson in this book would be not to judge people based on stereotypes or looks. Throughout the book we can see examples like the children believe rumors of Boo Radley of how he was a crazy lunatic who would eat wild animals raw, and stare at you in the middle of the night. This was however not true but what was true is that he is sort off crazy since he once stabbed his father with a pair of scissors and continued doing his scrapbooking like normal. But there is a reason to why he is like that and the reason is because of his father he was strip of a normal childhood and was under the strict rule of literal understanding of the bible. Meaning his father took the bible literally. But we can see there is good in Boo Radley since he did man y good deeds for the children and other people as I said before in the lesson of innocence, suggesting that he isn’t as crazy as the rumors of him say. Another example would be Tom Robinson in the trial. In the trial the only thing that was brought upShow MoreRelatedLife Lessons in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Essay examples782 Words   |  4 Pages they are always learning something, either about themselves or about the environment around them. In Harper Lees heartwarming novel titled To Kill A Mockingbird, the main characters Jem and Scout grow and mature throughout the story as they learn both more about themselves and the world around them. As the story progresses, they learn many life lessons including those about prejudice, people and how they have been categorized and judged, and, last but not least, gender issues. A small city nestledRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: Movie vs Novel1238 Words   |  5 PagesYou See Is Not What You Read Life is full of lessons, the movie version of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is not! Harper Lee entwines these life lessons throughout her novel; however, the movie version fails to incorporate these lessons into its plot. Thus, the movie version must be deemed incomplete, as it is most certain that there are many important lessons that Jem and Scout learn throughout the novel. A few key characters who taught these lessons to the children and who will beRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird1286 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay Reading broadens our minds and touches our hearts. It creates greater understanding and compassion in the reader through its characters and themes. Write an essay that addresses the ideas expressed in this statement with reference to your class novel. â€Å"You never really understand a person, until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.† With over 30 million copies sold worldwide and claiming title to the prestigious Pulitzer Prize, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† isRead MoreThe English Assessment Task For Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1360 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish Assessment Task 1 - ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ Essay â€Å"Whether Maycomb knows it or not, we’re paying him the highest tribute we can pay a man. We trust him to do right.† To what extent are life values and lessons reflected throughout the novel ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’? The great degree that Harper Lee reflects life values and lessons throughout ’To Kill A Mockingbird’ is elucidated through the teachings of the main adult protagonist, Atticus Finch. Over three summers, Atticus guides his childrenRead MoreRacial Segregation And The United Arab Emirates1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe UAE has created a dynamic entrepreneurial environment for international investors. The finan To Kill a Mockingbird, produced in 1962, is an exquisite film adored by many. This classic trial displayed drama and established a childhood innocence from the narration of an adult’s point-of-view, which captivates the viewers’ attention throughout the entire film. To Kill a Mockingbird uses dynamic historical references, narrative structure, and editing to contrast the problem of the racism andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I’ll be discussing the 5 books I’d save from the firemen if I was G uy Montag in Fahrenheit 451, and which of the 5 I’d choose to remember and â€Å"become†. The books I’d save would be Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief, Jandy Nelson’s I’ll Give You the Sun, the Bible’s book of Genesis, and Dave Canterbury’s Bushcraft 101: A Field Guide to the Art of Wilderness Survival. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is an unforgettable novel of a child’s life in a sleepyRead MoreBlack or White: Moralistic Communities to Highlight Sin of Killing a Mockingbird1617 Words   |  7 PagesHarper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is one of the most popular fictions about racial inequality in America. Her portrayal of the Black community is amazingly positive and has therefore triggered discussion. In the fiction, while most of the white people treat the Black poorly and are evil-like, the blacks are generally genial and miserable. Atticus remarks that some Negroes do lie and act immorally. In this case, the rather one-sided Black community in the book seems to be idealized while the WhiteRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1270 Words   |  6 Pagesbook â€Å"to kill a mockingbird,† which was written by Harper Lee. the main character in the book was Atticus Finch, who is a lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama. he has two children, who are Scout and Jem. the symbol of Mockingbird in the book title and the story related to the innocent and oppressed people, which the people judge them without knowing them right, in another world take advantage of someone weaker than you. there are many Mockingbirds in the book, but I want to focus on the most Mockingbirds who areRead MoreKill A Mockingbird : Five Paragraph Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesAnna Anderson Zeroski English 9 Honors, Period 3 9 November 2015 To Kill a Mockingbird: Five Paragraph Essay Imagine a place where the verdict of a rape trial stems from racial prejudice rather than the proper evaluation of proven evidence. This is Maycomb, Alabama, the strange, Southern town where Scout and Jem Finch grow up during the 1930s in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. In short, the novel travels a thin line between a light-hearted narrative of the siblings’ childhood withRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird, By George W. Bush1376 Words   |  6 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird is still relevant today To Kill a Mockingbird is a common household name. It’s one of the most famous pieces of literature. George W. Bush says To Kill a Mockingbird is â€Å"a meditation on family, human complexity and some of the great themes of American life. At a critical moment in our history, Mockingbird helped focus the nation on the turbulent struggle for equality.† (Wayne, pg. 1) President Bush couldn’t have been more right, To Kill a Mockingbird is a timeless classic,

Influence Of The Advertising Media On Gender And...

Abstract The advertising media often stereotypes gender roles either for added effects or for humor. Repeated use of these role-plays reinforces the public’s perception about how men and women should behave. This also shapes the expectations that society has towards them. The manipulation of these stereotypes by the media is an unconscious byproduct of the thinking of most men and women about what roles each gender should play. Deterministic theories emphasize that men and women evolve differently and they play distinct roles. This paper will dissect the issue of the influence of the advertising media on gender perceptions and representation of stereotypes. Gender stereotypes in advertising media Introduction The advertising media is a powerful tool for passing messages and when it comes to gender issues, it can influence behavior. For instance, the common adage that ‘boys will always be boys’ is a byword for male playfulness, aggressiveness and encourages boys to be outgoing and daring. Girls on the other hand, are represented as pretty creatures that should not get muddy but are always clean. When bombarded with such subtle messages, the narrative of male machoism and women beauty slowly takes shape in the minds of the populace. Gender identity Gender identity is the sense male and females have regarding their different roles and expectations in the social set-up. According to Pollitt, children begin developing a sense of gender by the age of two years through theShow MoreRelatedMedia Based On Social Stereotypes930 Words   |  4 Pagesanalysis of media based on social stereotypes. There are two advertisements used one is based on gender inequality and the other is based on the gender biased and racial inequality. These two advertisement’s provides a good example of how media influences society. Analysis of these advertisement will show how the creator of the advertisement uses social stereotypes. Advertisement 1 analysis Nowadays the representation of gender in media has become very common. It is all about the representation of phenomenallyRead MoreEffect Of Gender And Gender Representation On Media1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of gender and gender representation in media has been widely researched in various academic disciplines, including anthropology and communication studies. Similar gender role expectations are not just restricted to Western culture either. A study on gender representation in East Asian advertising by Michael Prieler is a demonstration of the influence of gendered communication. The research examines the male and female representation in the advertising of East Asian countries like HongRead MoreHow does the mass media reinforce sterotypes?1508 Words   |  7 Pageshumanity (Lester, 1996, p.1). When the mass media engage in stereotyping, misleading representations concerning members from diverse cultural groups are confirmed. In this essay, a broad range of texts will b e used to examine the ways in which the mass media construct and reinforce social stereotypes around gender, ethnicity and age, as well as how the media shape ones imagination though direct images. It cannot be doubted that the media profoundly influence peoples attitudes and outlooks. They conveyRead MoreThe Representation Of Gender And Media978 Words   |  4 PagesNowadays the representation of gender in media has become very common. It is all about the representation of phenomenally rapid change: change’s in gender relation transformations in media technologies, regulatory frameworks, content ownership and theoretical revolutions in the approaches used to make sense of gender representations. Gender and media aims to freeze the frame, press the pause button, or hit the refresh key to construct that how media shows social stereotypes. There are many advertisementsRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 Pagesaddicted to media. Used as a powerful source of knowledge and entertainment, media plays an enormous role in the development of human life and gender distinction. Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both men and women. This then creates an altered thinking process that leads to an environment susceptible of stereotyping and ridicule. For both sexes, this negative portrayal of media causes a constant downfall of self-image and media persuadedRead MoreBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pages Brainwashing Youth: How Advertising Influences Children on Gender Images For advertising companies, the topic of advertising to children is one that is very controversial and could lead to a lot of debate on whether it is even ethical to do so. None the less advertisements continue to be aired and targeted towards a particularly vulnerable group: children. At a young age it is a critical time for children. They are not only developing their mental and physical capabilities, but they are also developingRead MoreWhy And How Gender Stereotypes1654 Words   |  7 PagesWhy and How Gender Stereotypes in Advertisements are Challenged Traditional gender roles were constructed based on devotion to cultural value as well as social construct based geographical placement. Males were usually associated and expected to express masculinity while females on the other hand had to express femininity (Ickes). The gender roles have been preserved for too long and it has become almost like a permanent component of a society—like a body part itself, rather than a constructed normsRead MoreWomen Objectification Of Women1524 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed through advertising for the most part gives off a negative message to girls who struggle with body image and even women who want to look a particular way. The most negative message that advertising portrays is objectification of women and violence towards them. Women and girls need to recognize the true meaning behind the advertisements that we see in all aspects of media. They should not allow themselves to be objectified in any way, nor accept that this is the way the female gender is portrayedRead MoreGender Roles In The Movie Zootopia914 Words   |  4 Pagesfair as everyone hoped. In Zootopia and Miss Representation there are a lot of similarities when it comes to Gender, when you compare to gender in America. Gender is the physical, behavioral and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members. Gender is a background identity that acts on our behaviors and influences how other people evaluate us. There are many similarities in the movie Zootopia and how it mirrors gender struggles in the United States. Throughout theRead MoreIdentity : Social Identity And Self Identity Essay1640 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. Gender is an important aspect of our social identity as it helps people to conform into a contributing member of society. Unlike sex, which refers to people’s biological differences of being female or male, gender is socially constructed; it is a set of social expectations of how people should act based on their sex (O’shaughnessy Stadler, 2012, p370). Advertising plays an important role in constructing ideologies and social expectation in society, which has a large influences on what people

Impact of Mixed Ability Classrooms in Catholic School Free Essays

string(43) " as multiple learning stuffs or resources\." â€Å" A literature reappraisal is an history of what has been published on a subject by commissioned bookmans and research workers † ( Taylor, P.1 ) . In this chapter, my intent is to convey what cognition and thoughts have been established by others in my research field. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Mixed Ability Classrooms in Catholic School or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would discourse the literature which would assist me reply my research inquiries: What is the impact of Mixed Ability Classrooms in a Catholic School since its execution in 2005? Did low winners ability grouping scheme of GCS have a important impact on academic school accomplishment? Could Mixed Ability Classrooms and Ability Classrooms continue to coexist in the hereafter? The literature reviews what international organic structure has found on Mixed Ability and Ability Grouping and how it has impacted since execution, every bit good as its deductions in Mauritius particularly for GCS. This chapter is schematically structured as follows: Assorted Ability – Mauritanian definition v/s others Assorted Ability – Learning, Teaching and Assessment Strategies which could be applicable but are non used in the Mauritanian context Assorted Ability – Disadvantages Ability Grouping – Definition and which one is adapted to GCS. The pros and cons of Ability Grouping Ability Grouping v/s – Decisions of other literatures on the correlativity bing between grouping School accomplishment and accomplishment 2 Assorted Ability Assorted Ability is foremost defined before its deduction in the Mauritanian context is considered. Mckeon ( 2004 ) defines Assorted Ability Classroom as a group dwelling of able, mean, and kids with larning troubles in the same category. ( cited in Bremner, 2008, p.2 ) . Ireson and Hallam ( 2001 ) reinforce the thought of Mixed Ability schoolrooms as those providing for diverse â€Å" learning manners † and â€Å" penchants † . ( cited in Bremner, 2008, p.2 ) . These two definitions are consistent with what is found in the Mauritanian context. In 2005, the BEC changed the corporate purpose of all Mauritian Catholic Schools in following the Mixed Ability Policy. This was translated by a alteration in the consumption standards of these schools for Form 1 pupils. Admission standards, under BEC auspices, for Form 1 pupils since 2005 are as follows: Aggregate of 15 to 20 units at the Certificate of Primary Education Zoning: The Secondary School where application is lodged should be in the same zone as the Primary School attended Social Cases: on Humanitarian evidences Individual consequences in English, Mathematics, Science, French or History/Geography ( in that order ) will be used for campaigners with the same sum Aptitude tests/Interviews/Random choice if there are excessively many successful applications ( Beginning: BEC, 2003 ) Therefore the Form 1 schoolrooms in Catholic Schools had a diverse group of pupils since 2005. This state of affairs harmonises itself with the Catholic Education mission which is to: â€Å" humanise instruction, teaching methods, methods, agencies for pupils, instructors, parents to be more humanaˆÂ ¦A human instruction is a collaborative and originative attack to larning † ( Bishop Piat, Le Mauricien, Jan. 2006 ) . Assorted ability categories in Catholic schools of Mauritius therefore are made up of low, in-between and high winners within the same schoolroom. This construct is acknowledged by Dauguet ( 2007 ) that in Mauritius â€Å" Assorted Ability is related to performance-based groupings † ( p.58 ) and Merven ( 2005 ) â€Å" where pupils with different academic degrees will be in the same schoolroom † ( p.36 ) . It is understood that Mixed Ability is related to distinction since â€Å" diverseness means differences † ( Tileston, 2004, p.13 ) . The construct of distinction can be defined as â€Å" meeting the person demands of each scholar, of custom-making direction to assist pupils larn † ( Fogarty, 2005, p.2 ) . . Rose ( 2009 ) compared a Mixed Ability Class with an lift. The category is a lift, and everyone demands to acquire into the lift. Some will acquire on while others have to be dragged in. Some will go to the top while others may halt at the 3rd floor, others may merely make the first floor but everyone would hold travelled successfully someplace. ( English Teaching Professional, p. 3 ) . This narrative is in line with Mixed Ability doctrine where every pupil can go forth the schoolroom feeling that they have been challenged and that they have achieved something. Teaching, Learning and Appraisals are ingredients used as tools to do a Mixed Ability category effectual. 2.1 Learning, Teaching and Assessment Strategies in Mixed Ability Classrooms GCS Mixed Ability Classrooms have characteristics which are features of both the differentiated schoolroom every bit good as the traditional 1. ( Appendix.. ) . In my survey I aim to happen out whether Assorted Ability Classrooms at GCS were consistent with what is said on the subject in the international literature. Therefore Teaching, Learning and Assessment schemes which are used presently under Mixed Ability Policy would supply stuff for comparative analysis in my research. Tomlinson ( 1999 ) suggested that an pedagogue in a differentiated schoolroom would utilize as their planning footing, the pupils ‘ differences. The scholars on the other manus would be guided to do acquisition picks based on their involvements. In this context the scholars would be provided with an array of larning profiles such as preparedness, involvement and their attitude to larning which would determine direction. In a assorted ability schoolroom there is the possibility that pupils help their co-learners in trouble every bit good as their instructors in happening solutions to jobs. Furthermore pupils work with the pedagogue to establish encompassing whole-class every bit good as single acquisition purposes. In the same line of idea, the Mixed Ability attack expressed by Harris and Snow ( 2004 ) would do pupils go more effectual scholars and the usage of learner-centred schemes would give them the pick of content every bit good as larning manner. ( cited in Bremner, 2008 ) . Bremner ( 2008 ) acknowledged that Mixed Ability Classroom success depends on pupils larning as an person instead than holding a whole category instruction. The instructor in developing its instruction schemes would concentrate on multiple signifiers of intelligences found in diverse schoolroom as stipulated by Tomlinson ( 1999 ) . She farther advocated that in this context pedagogues will do usage of many instructional agreements every bit good as multiple learning stuffs or resources. You read "Impact of Mixed Ability Classrooms in Catholic School" in category "Essay examples" Therefore this would take to multiple positions on thoughts and events. In this manner, the teacher/facilitator enhances pupil ‘s accomplishments in position of doing independent scholars. The GCS pedagogues in the survey were concerned about the deficiency of resources. The scarce resources could be circumvented ( Bremner 2008 ) by Educators learning scholars to be effectual. This should be done by puting accomplishable ends, by doing usage of available tools and maintaining those in good running conditions, and by pull offing efficaciously their clip allo cated for work. To reenforce the key factors which would do a Mixed Ability Class successful, Moutou ( 2006 ) advocated that resource individual should hold a well planned and organised lesson program. The instructor should do proviso to provide for individualized demands. In order to suit assorted pupils ‘ demands, it should be supported by multi undertakings for one lesson. This scenario is more disputing for the instructor covering with multi degree category than a individual degree category. Similarly, this position is consistent with GCS pedagogues who found Mixed Ability Classrooms disputing. This ambitious attitude is reflected by the undermentioned quotation mark from Hubbard, Jones, Thornton and Wheeler: â€Å" Teacher ‘s attitude, their willingness to make, a sense of community in category, and a echt desire to assist, there can be progress at all degrees † ( 1983, p.318, cited in Moutou, 2006, p.1 ) . This ambitious attitude is contrasted with instructor centred attack where learning accent is on text book context and really few activities therefore engendering hapless lessons. This state of affairs is farther reinforced by deficient coaction in groups every bit good as unequal differentiated undertakings in category. ( HM Inspectors of Education cited in Bremner 2008 ) . GCS Educators have been challenged by the new policy to seek new ways of instruction and to do usage of available stuffs. Therefore, preparation and resources are of import tools to do a Mixed Ability category effectual. This links good with what Corbel ( 1989 ) said: â€Å" Professional development occurs of course in Mixed Ability Classes. These are categories that compel us to happen better ways of puting up everyday undertakings. They are the categories that make us believe, create and turn as a instructor † . ( p.4 ) . Learning, instruction and appraisals are portion of the pupil life. Thus, Tomlinson ( 1999 ) advanced that a schoolroom appraisal is â€Å" on-going and diagnostic † ( p.16 ) . He farther acknowledged that assorted types of assignments should be used in Mixed Ability Classrooms. To be in harmoniousness with a scholar ‘s demand clip flexibleness should non be a restraint. Differentiated/Mixed Ability direction and appraisal work together ( Tomlinson 1999, Chapman and King 2005 ) . Marzano ( 2000 ) suggested purposes of appraisal and direction as follows: â€Å" Appraisal should concentrate on pupil ‘s usage of cognition and complex concluding instead than their callback of low degree information † â€Å" Direction must reflect the best of what we know about how learning occurs. † ( cited in Chapman and King, 2005, p. ) Fullan ( 1998 ) reflects the above in qualifying that â€Å" appraisal has to drive the educational alteration docket around larning and pupil accomplishment † ( cited in Chapman and King, 2005, p. ) . Assessment is therefore portion of direction and has to be on-going and encompassing the acquisition procedure. Its purpose is to supply instructors with information on pupils ‘ profiles: â€Å" accomplishments, involvements and larning scheme † ( Tomlinson, 1999, p. ) . Teachers in differentiated schoolroom ( Tomlinson 1999 ) saw assessment non as a tool that semen at the terminal of a chapter or unit where it examined what has been learned instead it views appraisal as a manner of altering direction scheme. Differentiated appraisal should be used to roll up information on the pupils ‘ : â€Å" demands, accomplishments, prior cognition, manner and velocity at which they process new acquisition, and of showing advancement † ( Chapman and King ( 2005 ) p . ) . When sifting through the literature it is observed that varied agencies of appraisal directs larning and direction. In this context Formative Assessment which is ongoing before, during and after direction provides feedback on effectual pupil acquisition ( Chapman and King, 2005 ) . Diagnostic appraisals, as acknowledged by Dryer ( 2008 ) are done during the learning procedure. They tried to observe larning troubles in pupils and this has to be attended to. Appraisals, as defined by Dryer ( 2008 ) occur at the terminal of the ‘learning rhythm or stage and measures accomplishment ‘ are called Summative. The consequences ( p.17 ) are used as acknowledged by Chapman and King ( 2005 ) as ‘evidence for a class, for describing to parents, to place award receivers or to do arrangement determinations ‘ ( p. ) . Differentiated Appraisals are contrasted with traditional appraisal still in usage in Mauritanian schools. Puhl ( 1997 ) reflects on traditional appraisal which has as purpose summational trials that forces scholars to analyze. Traditional assessment focal point in on memorization and instructor centred scheme and encourages direction as a merchandise. The ensuing feedback on summational trials is concluding and normally these trials are written work. Mauritius, whose analyzing organic structure is external – UCLES, is a advocate of summational scrutinies. As it is an island and depends on export and imports for its endurance, it has to vie. This overall competition brings frontward an elitist society where Education follows the tendency. The Mauritanian instruction system allows for ‘star or national ‘ schools where the best acting pupil is recruited, laureates ( top ranked pupils at Higher School Certificate who benefits from a scholarship ) , and the parallel instruction – broad tuition based. All this encouraged the elitist system to proliferate. As lone conc luding mark counts in such system, summational scrutinies are adopted throughout the Mauritanian school system. Although since the 70 ‘s in England, and under the different Education Mauritian policy documents, Mixed Ability doctrine has been encouraged, such schoolrooms have encountered jobs. Salli-copur ( 2005 ) reported that it is hard for a instructor even for a little group to follow each scholar. Due to single differences pupils react otherwise to text book which can be gratifying for some and tiring for others. There is besides the fact that, pupils who feel confident voice out their replies quicker and more frequently than the diffident 1s. GCS Mixed Ability Classrooms are big. As a consequence of ailments from GCS Educators meeting troubles in managing and teaching Mixed Ability Classrooms, Low Achievers Ability Classroom was formed. 2.2 Ability Grouping As a consequence of Mixed Ability Policy implemented in the Catholic School under probe in the research, the low winners ability grouping was formed and used as a scheme to advance acquisition and beef up academic accomplishment. As stipulated by George ( 1988 ) the ability grouping pattern at GCS is aimed at: increasing academic criterions compared to what it was in a assorted ability environment, the pupils which could encompass a good feeling/attitude towards schools and besides in their input as a scholar, reenforcing instructors ‘ effectivity. In perusing through the literature, it was discovered that the ability grouping is besides known as: scene, stria, streaming, tracking. This is reflected in the undermentioned quotation mark: â€Å" The contention of set uping pupils in categories by accomplishment degrees, called ‘setting ‘ or ‘streaming ‘ in Scotland and ‘tracking ‘ or ‘ability grouping ‘ in the United States is over 100 old ages old † . ( Gamoran, 2002 ) . Therefore ability grouping is defined as: â€Å" Ability grouping is the pattern of spliting pupils for direction on the footing of their sensed capacities for larning † ( Balanced View, 2002, Vol 6, No.2 ) . The Balanced View ( 2002 ) makes the differentiation between â€Å" within category grouping † and â€Å" between category grouping † . The former group separates pupils of same ability into smaller groups while the latter allocate pupils to different categories based on accomplishment. GCS has adopted the ulterior system. Smith and Sutherland ( 2003 ) offered a principle for ability grouping in the sense that instructors would experience non merely more at easiness with a smaller scope of ability but besides it could be a manner of dividing pupils with behavior jobs. Such a category would actuate pupils and scholars to larn better than in a Assorted Ability one and therefore hold a opportunity in bettering their consequences. ( cited in the Journal of Research in Particular Education Needs, 2003 ) . GCS standards for Ability Grouping would be consistent with Barker-Lunn ( 1970 ) thought that â€Å" Teachers, faced with a Assorted Ability category, will group the students harmonizing to their abilities ; in other words, they will work out the jobs presented to them by the unstreamed school by streaming within the category † ( Cited in Kelly, 1978, p.96 ) . Kelly ( 1978 ) further added that there is a direct correlativity between accomplishment and grouping. The pupils with same working gait and past accomplishments would be grouped together. The pattern in GCS is correspondent to what is described by Oakes ( 15 A ; 16 cited in Johnson ( 2002 ) . The latter acknowledged that pupils can be grouped through the undermentioned standards: accomplishment through trials public presentation, instructors ‘ perceptual experience of where to locate the pupils ‘ degree of understanding and learning, and their chances of what pupils intend to make after graduation. Therefore, Oakes acknowledged that a homogenous group would be consistent with the scholars ‘ demands. Johnson ( 2002 ) further emphasised that to group scholars with their equals who are in similar procedure of acquisition is a positive move. Ability grouping would therefore do â€Å" instruction efficient and effectual for all pupils while recognizing single differences. † ( Johnson, 2002, p 2 ) . Grouping harmonizing to ability is non new: Ireson and Hallam recount that: â€Å" Historically, grouping in the UK had been based on steps of general ability or intelligence, such as verbal logical thinking and cognitive abilities. During the 1960 ‘s and 1970 ‘s such trial were used by many secondary schools to apportion students to streams on entry. Students were so taught in their streamed categories for all lessons † ( 1999, p.343-344 ) . GCS Ability grouping could turn out to be a discouraging scheme for the school if the disadvantages that are revealed in the literature become applicable to the school. Oppositions of ability grouping as written in the Balanced View ( 2002 ) do non believe in its good effects as they prescribed that this type of grouping encouraged the channelling of â€Å" hapless and minority pupils † to have â€Å" lower quality direction † therefore lending to enlarge the spread between the low and high winners. ( Vol 6, No.2 ) . Other statements advanced by Hollifield ( 1987 ) against ability grouping are, that â€Å" the pattern creates categories or groups of low winners who are deprived of the illustration and stimulation provided by high winners. Labeling pupils harmonizing to ability and delegating them to low-achievement groups may besides pass on self-fulfilling low outlooks † . ( p.1 ) . This farther links to Gamoran ( 1998 ) unfavorable judgment that ability groupin g creates ‘status hierarchy ‘ in the school system. To label pupils as being ‘incompetent ‘ or ‘less smart ‘ could make ‘inequities outside the schoolroom ‘ ( cited in Johnson, 2002, p.2 ) . 2.3 Ability Grouping v/s Accomplishment Since one of my research inquiries is to happen out the whether there is a important impact between ability grouping and academic accomplishment, it is deserving observing the different literature on the topic. Slavin ( 1986 ) proceeded to a â€Å" Best Evidence Analysis † . To make so, he reviewed five comprehensive ability grouping programs in simple schools. The grouping programs are: â€Å" ability grouped category assignment, reorganizing for reading or mathematics, the Joplin Plan, not graded programs, and within-class ability grouping † ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . The â€Å" Ability Grouped Class Assignment † placed pupils in a schoolroom on an ability footing. The grounds found by Slavin ( 1986 ) showed that this type of grouping has no consequence on pupil accomplishment in the simple school. The â€Å" Regrouping for reading or mathematics † is merely done during those two categories as for most of the twenty-four hours the pupils are in their assorted ability schoolrooms. This grouping has proved advantageous on pupil accomplishment. This has been enhanced by the fact that degree and direction gait had been adapted to achievement degree. However, it must be noted that the above regrouping to be proved efficient, it should be catered for non more than two topics. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . The ‘Joplin Plan ‘ regrouped pupils across class degrees – for illustration high accomplishing 4th classs, mean 5th graders, low accomplishing six classs form portion of the 50 class reading category. Slavin ‘s ( 1987 ) found strong grounds of such grouping additions reading accomplishment. This piece of information reflects what was said antecedently in the chapter, that the impression of high winners exciting low winners when they are assorted into a schoolroom. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . The ‘Non Graded Plan ‘ which channelled pupils into flexible groups based on public presentation, the topic course of study is divided in such a manner that pupils improve at their ain gait. This program has proved a positive relationship between grouping and accomplishment. Similarly ‘Within-Class Ability Grouping ‘ where pupils are grouped harmonizing to their ability in one schoolroom, grounds has shown a positive correlativity between grouping and accomplishment. However, Slavin ( 1986 ) , found out that the effects were somewhat greater for low winners than for center or lower circulars. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . Slavin ( 1986 ) concluded that schools and instructors should follow methods that have proved its effectivity where ability grouping is concerned. These methods include within-class ability grouping in Maths, Non graded programs in Reading, and the Joplin program. If ability grouped category assignment use an alternate grouping where pupils are assigned on public presentation degree so it can be used in ability grouping category. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . Slavins ‘ ( 1986 ) recommendations for successful ability grouping and positive accomplishment degree: This type of grouping should be done merely for some topics while in other topics the pupils should be in assorted ability schoolrooms. To learn a accomplishment, for illustration, Reading, the usage of grouping programs would cut down pupil heterogeneousness ‘ ( ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . The same program would non work if IQ or Achievement degree is being tested. If the instructor formed little â€Å" within ability groups † this will assist instruction better as the instructor will be able to give better support. ( cited in Hollifield, 1987 ) . The literature has besides revealed that low circulars made as much advancement as high circulars when they are submitted to certain conditions. Gamoran ( 1993 ) explained that a US Catholic schools applied a rigorous academic course of study in lower ability grouping where the same instructors taught in low and high degrees, the academic course of study stayed the same for both groups and verbal interactions and treatments form portion of the instruction and acquisition scheme. All this factors combined had a positive consequence on achievement degree. However, there have been surveies where it has been found that ability grouping aggravate inequalities in accomplishment. Kerckhoff ( 1986 ) ( cited in Gamoran ( 2002 ) , commented on the impact of puting v/s achievement inequality. The grounds that he used came from the National Child Development Survey ( NCDS ) ( informations collected comes from a 1958 British cohort over 20 old ages ) . Data collected are from England and Wales. Kerckhoff showed that pupils ‘ accomplishment degree is greater in schools or categories which apply ability grouping while those pupils in assorted ability categories have decreased achievement degree. However, low degrees schools and categories fell far behind. Kerckhoff ( 1986 ) besides explained that there is an mean degree of achievement growing when comparing Mixed Ability and Setting grouping schools. This is due to the fact that high winners success is balanced against low winners loss. Inequalities in accomplishment could besides be due to differentiated schoolroom direction. In his article, Gamoran ( 2002 ) explained these findings from the surveies of English categories in US secondary schools. The survey revealed that higher degree pupils who are channelled towards more academic classs with the support of experient, qualified and prepared pedagogues who cover instruction and learning stuffs challengingly and at a faster gait show higher degree of accomplishment than the low achieving schoolroom. The low degree of accomplishment for low degree category was due to the riotous behavior of the pupils and where the instructor set written work instead than promoting unfastened ended inquiries and verbal interactions. Ability Grouping fell in disfavor, harmonizing to Hallam, Ireson and Davies ( 2004 ) , when ‘educational theory decided against ability grouping ( puting and streaming ) from the 70 ‘s onwards ‘ ( BERJ 2004, vol 30 ( 4 ) pp 516-533 ) . However over the last decennary there has been a revival of this type of grouping. Its reappearance is commented as being the agency which would assist raising criterions. Hallam, Ireson, and Davies ( 2004 ) recapitulated the grounds for which ability grouping fell in disfavor: â€Å" Low self-pride and societal disaffection of lower watercourse pupils Inconclusive grounds for positive effects on attainment A displacement of educational focal point towards equality of educational chance † ( BERJ 2004, vol 30 ( 4 ) pp 516-533 ) In my research survey, pupils ‘ sentiment on ability group has been sought. Hallam, Ireson and Davies ( 2004 ) admit that there has been few research on ability grouping ( streaming, puting and within category grouping ) where pupils voice out their positions. The research on ability grouping popularised the relationship between that type of grouping and academic, societal and personal results. The article from Hallam, Ireson and Davies ( 2004 ) cited old research which embraces Pupil ‘s position has drawn out the undermentioned accounts: Streaming encourages both positive and negative attitudes towards school and higher winners are pro streaming compared to lower circulars. Puting among mathematics pupils reveal that more pupils would wish to travel sets or articulation categories where assorted ability instruction is being done. In primary schools, the pupils holding higher position in head would wish to be in higher ability grouping. However, most pupils would prefer to be given whole category work or single work. Streaming emphasized the negative effects towards lower watercourses. It is further acknowledged that if students of below norm are taught by instructors who are for streaming in a assorted ability environment, this has a negative impact on the pupil. This can take the signifier that those pupils do non hold any friends and are rejected by their equals. Assorted ability categories encourage societal coherence in the category. It is appropriate at this phase to reexamine the undermentioned statistics on ability grouping. George ( 1988 ) ( cited in Crosby A ; Owens ( 1993 ) revealed that: â€Å" Educators and parents are in favor of tracking/ability grouping. 85 % of the research says that tracking is non good while 85 % of schools continue to pattern it. â€Å" ( Solutions and Strategies,1995, ( 5 ) p.2 ) . Furthermore George ( 1998 ) and Slavin ( 1991a ) concluded that Ability Grouping research has non prompted any conclusive replies whether it be positive or negative ( Cited in Crosby and Owens, 1993 ) . This is what I intend to happen out with the research inquiry on significance of low accomplishing grouping with academic school accomplishment. I would wish to happen out whether it is consistent or in resistance with George and Slavin ‘s decisions. How to cite Impact of Mixed Ability Classrooms in Catholic School, Essay examples

Wildest Dreams by Taylor Swift free essay sample

Taylor Swift decided it would be best if she dropped her much anticipated music video of the new single Wildest Dreams from her album 1989 during the VMAs. She probably thought 9 nominations was not enough to get us fans to really lose our minds, and probably came up with the conclusion that it would be best if it all happened on the same night. (And what a night it was). If you have heard the song before it was announced as a single, you are probably aware that it qualifies more than just a single off an album. Lyrically, vocally, and melodically one of taylors best works, to be simple. We all know taylor likes writing songs about love, but this is the sort of love song that we all want and fear. In this song (post break up), Swift recalls the time she had spent with her former beau (who happens to be Scott Eastwood in the video ladies). We will write a custom essay sample on Wildest Dreams by Taylor Swift or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She knew this love was doomed from the very beginning and knows he is just another mistake, but despite knowing the consequences, she jumps. The concept behind the song is, as Taylor states, that when a relationship ends, it ends on a good note. Lyrics like Nothing lasts forever and Someday when you leave me I bet these memories follow you around have such strong and beautiful meanings, they give you goosebumps. And taylors vocals are on spot throughtout, especially during the chorus. The music video adds more magic to an already wonderful plot. It is probably one of her most different videos, in which love is portrayed in a rather realistic manner rather than a fairytale romance. Starring as a 50s actress, her character Marjorie Finn falls in love with her co-star (calm down ladies, Scott Eastwood). The video shows romance as we would dream of the kind of love they show in movies. The only difference is the ending which has a more realistic approach, and a very tragic ending. I dont want to ruin the video for you, but I advize you keep a tissue box with you throughout, because the ending will kill you. The beauty of the song and video is that even if you have a sad ending to anything (be it love or even friendship), nothing will stop it from being beautiful. And that is the thing about love Swift has been trying to teach us Love is not just about I will never leave yous, it is about the time you spend with someone and how that time was perfect. And you can always look back at it once you have lost it, because the one thing you get to keep is the memories. Swift is successful yet again with her latest new single. The song and video teach us how dangerous and beautiful love is. Its like drowning in chocolate sweet death. Taylor teaches us that just because you have lost something that was beautiful does not mean its memory cannot be. You can always dream about something even after losing it and there is nothing wrong about it. And it is songs like these songs ones with lessons we should listen to. And I would recommend it 100%.

Provide a reading of Nosferatu and discuss how it established the Vampire sub-genre Essay Example

Provide a reading of Nosferatu and discuss how it established the Vampire sub-genre Paper Nosferatu is a name that conjured fear into the hearts of early filmgoers. A masterpiece of silent film, the strength of this classic and the genre it spawned stands testament to the ability of German Expressionist F. W Murnau. Nosferatu pioneered the Vampire sub-genre of films. It was the first of its ilk, only placed in the genre retrospectively. Countless vampire films, cartoons, sketches, cliches and jokes have appeared over time, each drawing something from the original vampire film none would exist as we know them if it was not for Murnaus silent nightmare. It was Nosferatu that developed many of the generic conventions one has come to expect from a vampire film. Bite-marks, fangs, blood, coffins and gloomy castles lit dimly from the eerie glow of the full moon all feature in Murnaus film. It was Nosferatu which firmly planted these haunting images into the minds of filmmakers to come, each becoming a tired cliche of a very old genre of films. Take, for example, the well-known myth that sun-light will destroy a vampire once-and-for-all. Bram Stokers Dracula (the novel of which Nosferatu was developed from) does not mention sunlight killing a vampire, only reducing its power. Murnau added this concept into his adaptation to which almost all vampire films to follow have copied. However, whilst being the first film of a very popular genre, Nosferatu still retains details which are very different to the films which borrowed from it in future. The most noticeable is the vampires appearance. When one thinks of Vampire they immediately picture the charismatic Bela Lugosi dark lord, oozing sophistication and sex appeal. We will write a custom essay sample on Provide a reading of Nosferatu and discuss how it established the Vampire sub-genre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Provide a reading of Nosferatu and discuss how it established the Vampire sub-genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Provide a reading of Nosferatu and discuss how it established the Vampire sub-genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nosferatu contains none of this. Count Orlok, the Vampire, is a disgusting animalistic mess of bat-like ears, rodent features, pointy rat-like teeth and a hunched back. Nosferatu moves slowly and painfully, wearing his Undeath as a curse rather than a dark gift. Indeed, the name Nosferatu, by which Orlok is also known, means Plague-Carrier. Count Orlok is free from all the over-done Dracula cliches, this monstrous vampire looking more at home in a sewer than a palatial cheteau in the Carpathians. The story of Nosferatu itself borrows heavily from the Bram Stoker novel Dracula. The two narratives are almost identical, to the point that Stokers daughter tried having all copies of the film destroyed. A classic tale of good versus evil had a simple Equilibrium-Disequilibrium-New Equilibrium storyline. We see Hutter and Ellen happy in their married life until Hutter is drawn into the web of the vampiric Count Orlok, with the Nosferatu preying upon Hutter and his wife. However, the new-equilibrium is not a happy ending. While Orlok dies to the rays of the morning sun, Ellen lays dead having sacrificed herself to destroy the vampire and the plague it brought with him. The film also finished with a low angle shot of Orloks castle does some evil still lurk within? Has the curse of Nosferatu really been destroyed? The film is designed to make people uneasy and even the films resolution leaves the audience feeling unnerved rather than relieved. Murnau was a pioneer of the Expressionist movement. His film rests heavily on mood and theme rather than the character acting. He evokes a feeling of unease through his use of lighting and shadow. He distorts and exaggerates shapes into unrealistic proportions in order to express feelings through the medium of film. For example, the actors wear heavy make up and move jerkily or slowly exaggerated in order to express a mood. The characters do not simply exist within a setting but are visual elements that merge with the setting Murnau tells his story through the entire mise-en-scene rather than his characters each element of this mise-en-scene interacts and combines to create a unique mood and atmosphere. We can see this use of mise-en scene to tell his story throughout the film. Much of the film is shot in shadow, giving a darker more haunting atmosphere to the film coupled with the iris shots, which Murnau made much use of, give a feeling of being trapped that there is no escape from the terror that stalks Ellen and Hutter. Similarly Murnau uses detail in the entire screen, often utilising the corners, which suggest and hidden horrors lurking in the corners. Murnau also makes use of long takes, often of images of death and decay, which causes discomfort in the audience watching. Murnau used more symbolic scenes to express the mood of the film, such as those of spiders and Venus flytraps. Its not only visual elements that add to the creation of the films tone, music too plays its part. Munau called it his Symphony of Terrors a disjointed, discordant and unnerving noise that is not in the least bit tuneful. The music of the film is a very powerful tool in the storytelling of Nosferatu, building up suspense or shocking the audience. Each of the films attributes combine to create distinct ambience that doesnt just tell the story but lets the audience feel the story.

Sample - User Manual for Snapchat

Sample - User Manual for Snapchat This report outlines the initial proposal for the Snapchat user manual. This report should cover some of the broad and basic information that first-time users of the Snapchat application need to know. This report shall also cover the unique stylistic components that the author shall use in his final report- which would be the actual Snapchat user manual. The purpose of this report then is to guide the author in planning and writing what to write, how to write the contents, and where to place them in the actual manual. Needs Assessment The focus of the project would be on the application Snapchat. Snapchat is a social media application that allows users to share videos called snaps. This is, in fact, a new trend in the digital arena because as of the moment it is the process of sharing photos that is most prevalent. What Snapchat is all about, however, is the process of sharing videos. It is important to note, however, that users may also take and share photos, drawings, and texts and then send them to a controlled list of people (i.e. the recipients). Essentially, Snapchat is a messaging tool that has a high level of multimedia sharing capability. Considering all of these features, it can be said that Snapchat is virtually intended to be used (and can actually be used) by everyone; from businessmen to casual and professional photographers and graphic and video artists. Students may also take advantage of the enhanced sharing capability of Snapchat. What is unique with Snapchat, however, is the fact that it enable s the users to specify how long the snaps (i.e. the sent videos and photographs) can be viewed by their recipients and actually stay in the company’s servers- after which the developers of the app claim that it would already be deleted. Additional Research One of the latest features that Snapchat users can enjoy is the Snapchat Lenses. With lenses, users can take snaps using real-time special effects, sounds, and filters. This way, they would not have to edit their snaps. Whenever there are updates, new filters (e.g. rewind, slow-motion, force touch) and effects may get released so it would be best to frequently update the version of Snapchat installed on the smartphone or a tablet computer. Audience Analysis The intended audience for the Snapchat user manual would be all of the potential users of the application. Some of the specific examples include: Business men Professional and casual photographers Professional and casual graphic artists Students and teachers Government agencies, departments, and organizations For-profit and non-profit organizations Researchers The application user manual that will be published shall cater to all the users’ needs. No separate version of the user manual will be released for a particular group or audience. The target audience for the user manual would be those who have basic to intermediate smartphone and internet navigation skills; those who actually own a smart phone or a tablet computer equipped with a decent camera capable of taking pictures and recording videos- because these are the main hardware requirements for an individual to utilize Snapchat. Suggested Table of Contents About the Manual Acknowledgement Table of Contents Glossary Introduction Wiki Section Wiki Contents Basics Intermediates Advanced Using Snapchat How to take a picture How to take a video How to create a text message How to organize a list of recipients How to send texts, pictures, videos How to store your contents Snapchat Terms, Policies, and Conditions How to Install and Uninstall the Application Setting up and Account Troubleshooting Frequently Asked Questions Participating in the Snapchat users’ community and forum Frequently Asked Questions The most basic information about Snapchat shall be placed within a consolidated FAQ section. The purpose of the FAQ section would be to enable the users to get started in using the Snapchat application. This may contain instructions on how to install the application, where the download links may be obtained, and how to set up the application on their device after installation. This can be presented within any section of the user manual. In any case, the most important component would be the content. This section has to be simple and easy to understand. Design Layout The purpose of the Snapchat user manual is to get the users started on how to use the application. The focus of the writing process should then be on the content because it is the most important component that would determine the success of the project. The design process should, however, be not taken for granted. The design and layout should embody the following characteristics: elegance, professionalism, and neatness. The design should be creative but not to the point that it would look untidy and too artistic. After all, this was not intended to be an art project. The design and layout should make it easier for the readers to read and understand all sections of the content; this is where the neatness component should be factored in. The layout should follow the outline of the contents provided earlier where each section should have its own design in order for the readers to understand how each section is independent of each other.

HR Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR Strategy - Essay Example In this paper, I will be analysing the internal and external fits approach to HR strategy. Strategic human resources management (SHRM) takes a strategic approach to organisational human resource management. SHRM concerns itself with the design and implementation of internal policy practices that consistently enhance the human capital’s ability to contribute to the bigger organisational goals (Wei, 2006). The strategic aims of HR revolve around cost containment and management of business risks. To achieve this, the HR function attempts to recruit highly talented, able and willing employees and managing these human resources optimally. The most critical asset for any organisation is therefore its human capital; productivity and profitability greatly depend on the motivation and desire people to perform as well as the support they get from managements. Strategically, HR strives to attain and manage two kinds of fits i.e. internal and external fit. On the perspective of external fit, the HR function’s systems, structures and management practices should be consistent with the particular firm’s stage in development. Organisational needs change with growth; having an understanding of just how the organisation is changing with growth makes it easier to understand the necessary human resource adjustments. From the approach of internal fit, the structure, systems and HRM practices need to be synergistic i.e. the HR function must put in place structures and systems that support and complement one another while contributing to organisational objectives. The HR function must therefore ensure its strategy enables the organisation to perform, attain competitive edge and ultimately make profits (Lloyd and Ilan, 1998). According to Pfeffer (1998) effective people management can tremendously enhance organisational performance both financially, socially and economically. He describes seven organisational characteristics consistent in most if not all firms

Is One Child Policy in China Effective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is One Child Policy in China Effective - Essay Example The implementation of the one-child policy saw the light of day early 1980s. This legislation came in to curb the unprecedented population increase that took place a couple of decades before 1980s. Formulation and drafting of the policy had started late 1970s, but the actual implementation took place in 1980 and subsequent years. Even though population increase was getting out of control, it was difficult to get the policy operational. Since the 1980s, one-child policy implementation has been dynamic due to the adoption of some specific changes from time to time.In light of the provisions made in the policy, there are a number of purposes served by the one-child requirement. The ultimate goal of the policy is to control and manage Chinese population. The operational aspects of the policy were designed to reduce births in the country. With reduced births within and across the country, population growth rate would significantly reduce. In other words, the essence of the policy is to re duce fertility levels, discourage couples from having many children, and ultimately reduce the general population in China (Wan, 2012).To achieve the above-mentioned objectives, the policy promotes family planning through use of contraceptives. Government-funded agencies conduct massive awareness and creation and public education on matters of population, social welfare, and economic development. In essence, the purpose of the policy is to enhance the interconnection between the three variables.

Ssocial media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ssocial media - Essay Example Social media refers to any of the many online tools that allow people to share information and learn from others through a communication network in an open process. Social media thus refers to online contents that are created and consumed by regular people for communication. As Singh and Diamond (10) noted, it may be comments a person adds at the end of a website- article or family photograph he uploaded to a photos-sharing site or a video he uploaded to a video-sharing site. From some years ago to now, business communication for most of the business had a huge impact, because social media brought tremendous changes in business and marketing communication. It has not only brought greater opportunities for many businesses, but also posed bigger challenges for many to survive in competing with others. It thus becomes very important for a small startup firm to also realize that it needs to utilize the power of the social media well in order to prosper against the big companies that are already established. The marketing and advertising needs to be very sharp; website interface must be very catchy and most importantly, it must be able to gather a large customer base. For a new business to be set up successfully, marketing communication is an extremely important function since its ultimate plan to reach its customers will be successful only if it can communicate with its people about the business and its goals. When introducing a new brand or the existing brand with new product or service to the market, it needs to be communicated to the general public in order to make them aware about it, to inform or persuade them to buy or to keep on reminding them about the goods or brand (Kitchen 21). This can be done by displaying catchy captions and promotional logos of the brand... The paper describes the social media in competitive business contexts. Almost all Fortune 500 and world’s largest multinational companies have established relatively much stronger stance in social media to use it for marketing communication purposes, and they proclaim that social media helped them a lot. A best example is Wal-Mart because as recent reports and studies revealed, social media played a significant role in Wal-Mart’s success. Large numbers of business organizations and government firms use private as well as public social networks. Turban, Bollojuand and Liang (203) found that almost all Fortune 500 firms keep on encouraging its employees to use an internet social media by creating its own applications and social discussions. It proves that social media helps businesses not only for marketing communication, but also to enhance knowledge and experiences of employees and other people by knowledge share of social media networks and thus to improve overall prod uctivity of its people. Websites like Twitter and Facebook allow companies to form their own forums and groups where they can keep in touch with one another and discuss important matters. Such an exchange of ideas is healthy and keeps employees at their toes. Moreover, since everybody checks their notifications from time to time, companies need not worry about the message not going across. For any new or existing business, consumers are the biggest concern. Almost all the businesses today are required to be consumer-centric.

Gender in Advertising An Analysis

Gender in Advertising An Analysis Women have been portrayed in numerous roles throughout the ages in advertising, varying from wife and mother to business women. This essay will delve deeper into two certain time periods, (the 50-60s through to the 2000 to present day.) and what roles woman were portrayed in during these times. If there is significant changes between the two time periods questions will be asked into why they have changed and is this due to different attitudes in society. As Advertising of the 1960s, was considered a decade often called the Golden Age of Advertising. (Nemhauser, M. (2014) Real Mad Men, P1) It would be thought that the adverts within this era would be powerful and memorable. However it is memorable to woman for all the wrong reasons. Woman within adverts through the 50-60s were only ever portrayed as wives and mothers, and more often than not they were always making a mistake within their role. For example within Figure (Figure 1, 1960s Folgers Coffee Ad) 1, it shows a print screen of an advert by Folgers. Within these averts It portrays woman who are incapable of making a good cup of coffee for their husbands. All of the Folgers adverts around the 1960s went with the same vain. That before the men were going out to work on a morning their wives would make them an awful cup of coffee. Portraying woman as useless wives that couldnt even do the simplest task correctly. The strategy behind the advert was to guilt trip women into buying Folgers coffee so that they could finally make their husbands happy. Although this technique did work, when looking back onto this advert, it simply berates and undermines woman. However as the war had passed and lead to more woman taking on other roles in work forces rather than just wives and mothers, advertising changed with them the times. Different forms of advertising made use of this revolution by showing woman taking on different roles like secretaries. Although this should have been a good thing, portraying woman out of the house, it still showed very sexist views against woman as a gender. For example woman were never seen as the boss or anyone in power they were always just a general lower class employee, and often only at work to help men. A primary example of this can be seen within Figure 2. A classic Xerox advert that portrayed a woman as a mans secretary having to do jobs like printing, scanning, filing etc. All jobs that would help the man within his career. Although this isnt enough to show a woman as just a secretary, the advert has the woman stating many things that she cant do. I cant type, I dont take dictation I wont sharpen pencils, I cant file, and my boss calls me indispensable. This portrays the woman as a (Figure 2, 1960s Xerox Ad) very weak individual. The advert goes on to show the woman being told to photocopy something for her boss, and shes able to due to the Xerox machine as its easy to use just press a button and it does the work for her. Although the adverts have changed from wives in the kitchen to a woman actually working for herself, all the adverts in the 50-60s have the same underlying message. Which is that woman cant do anything right, and If they do its because theyve had help from a product, such as a Xerox machine or Folgers Coffee. Which in turn portrays woman as the weaker class in comparison to men. The final advert to investigate is a print advert, figure 3, from the 1950s for Mr Leggs. Through this print advert the message is more direct than the others, the fact that men are far more superior to woman. This was only hinted at through the other adverts, as the man went off to work to earn the money while his wife couldnt even make a coffee. To a boss telling his secretary to do something that she wouldnt have been able to do without Xerox. Although they both shown men as superior, figure 3 displays this message in a much more abrupt way. As seen within the poster a man walks all over a woman, and the message that can be taken from the ad is that a woman can easily be tamed with the use of brute force, animal magnetism and a pair of Mr Leggs Slacks. (Figure 3, 1950s Mr Leggs Ad) In conclusion adverts from the 1950-60s portrayed woman in not the best light. It showed them as people who cannot do things right without the help of either a man or a product. Causing them to be seen as the weaker sex and inferior to men. This could be due to the fact society in that era were very set in their ways. It was the men who went off to war and the woman stayed to look after the house and children. It had always been this way and nothing had ever changed it. However due to the growth of feminism in the late 1960s the debate over the portrayal of woman in adverting intensified and the National Organization for Women, founded in 1966, sought to eliminate gender based stereotypes in the mass media. (Unknown author, (2003) Woman: representation in advertising.)ÂÂ   This could have been the start of where woman were giving an equal representation within the adverts we see to this day. (Figure 4, 2007, Dolce Gabbana ad) It is only since the mid-20th century that women have been shown in roles other than house wives and woman doing their job wrong. Therefore this must mean advertising has taken a turn for the better, where the portrayal of woman is concerned. Yet when looking at Figure 4, it shows a woman being restrained by a man while other men look on. This feels again degrading to woman in a different way to the ads of the 50-60s, as there is actually no body copy or script stating that woman are inferior to men however this is stated through just the use of the image and is still just as demeaning towards the female figure. The role of the woman in this ad seems to be there for the pleasure of the men. As the look on the womans face almost looks expressionless, and absent from the scene as if she is trying to escape the thought of the situation. The fact that she is being restrained also suggests that the woman needs to do whatever the men want, much like the ads from the 60s. This particular ad vertising campaign was banned a few weeks after its launch due to the backlash it received from woman. Another campaign was launched in 2013 by American Apparel, figure 5. This shows two ads portraying a man and a woman in the same shirt. The campaign is trying to sell the same unisex shirt to men and woman in two different ways. However both the ways used seem to be geared towards men. As the woman is half naked therefore being used as a sexual object to sell the shirt to men. This type of advertsing is not geared towards woman (Figure 5, 2013, American Apparel ad) Compare / contrast adverts / significant changes between them: There is less body copy on the more recent adverts however still the same underlying meaning have. There is difference between the two times periods, therefore indicating there has been some change in the attitudes of society. Peoples attitudes have most certainly changed due to the fact the Dolce Gabbana ad was actually pulled just a few weeks after its launch. This shows that woman do have a voice and are listened to. Unlike in the 50-60sÂÂ   where if the woman did not like the way they had been portrayed in an advert, then it was probably their fault for being offended anyway. Although there is changes in society, images of woman in advertising have hardly been uniform, but several themes recur; the housewife ecstatic over a new cleaning product; the anxious woman fearing the loss of youthful attractiveness; the subservient spouse dependent on her assertive husband; the object of means sexual gaze and desire (Pope, D. (Unknown date) Making sense of advertisements, P6).ÂÂ   This has always been the case since advertising begun and to this day. Showing us that society has changed from showing woman in multiple roles rather than just a woman doing something wrong. However these multiple roles can always be seen in one of the groups stated by Daniel Pope. To conclude the roles of woman have changed throughout time. However even though the roles have changed from housewife to beautiful models there still is a reoccurring theme throughout all of the adverts examined. That sexism in which woman are portrayed has only adapted from woman needing men to pleasing men, it hasnt went away or got any better. Its is just been advertised in different ways. A lot of the adverts today show woman as just sex symbols, to please men and due to this all ads seemed to be geared towards men. Furthermore I think womans roles in advertising has always been inferior to men, and probably always will be until everything between men and woman is equal.

Revenue Determination: Pricing and Contracting Essays -- Business Reve

Over the last twenty years health care prices for the general public, because of this continuous rise in prices hospitals and health care facilities have given much attention to improving their communication of prices to the public. Most people of the general public are unaware that hospital costs and hospital prices are two different things. Hospital cost is the dollar amount the hospital pays in order to provide patient care. Hospital price is the dollar amount designated to the specific procedures performed in order to provide said â€Å"patient care†. This dollar amount is what the hospital bills the insurance company and/or the patient for their care (Cleverly & Cameron 2007). It is important for health care facilities and hospitals alike to provide a sense of reasonableness within their bills so that their patrons do not get the feeling that they are being â€Å"ripped off†. Many people feel that the reason their health care bills are so high is because hospital s feel they can charge whatever they want for a product people have to have. In general, sick people will not turn down a life saving treatment because it is too expensive, because the health care industry is aware of this, they charge whatever price they can get away with, like charging the patient’s insurance three times the base price (Cleverly & Cameron 2007). What the general public always seems to overlook is the fact that even hospitals need to turn a profit in order to keep their doors open and keep providing genuinely good health care to their patients. There are three generic factors that influence the way any firm, including health care facilities influence their pricing. These three factors are, the desired net income of the firm, the firm’s competitive positio... ...They are held to â€Å"reasonableness of charges† and it is important that the public knows the facts before speaking out against their local hospital. Health care costs money, therefore like any business hospitals must charge for their services, plain and simple. Works Cited Devers, K, Casalino, L, Rudell, L, Stoddard, J, Brewster, L, & Lake, T. (2003). Hospitals negotiating leverage with health plans: how and why has it changed? Health Services Research, 38(1), 419-446. Cleverley, W. O., & Cameron, A. E. (2007) Essentials of health care finance. Mississauga, Canada: Jones & Bartlett Long, R. (2002). Long: financial turnaround focuses on revenue cycle, managed care contracts - executive insights - ronald r. long, outgoing chairman of healthcare financial management association national board of directors - interview. Healthcare Financial Management

”Ernie Breaks” by Genevieve Scott Essay

The short story †Ernie Breaks† by Genevieve Scott is about ten year old Cara, who lives with her mother and her older brother, Jed. The main themes in the short story are responsibility and expectations. It can be elaborated to what you have to do, so you can live up to challenges you are approaching, and to succeed something that you are contemplate responsible for. Sometimes you cannot determine the expectations people have for you, or the responsibility is just too big for your shoulders. Another perspective is other people can also set question marks about the expectations they have for you, or sometimes your effort is just not enough to fulfill other people’s expectations. Shortly to sum up the themes, the story reflects a regular problem concerning too high expectations and responsibility for young people. At the end of every school semester their mother always buys them a passing present. The two siblings want a puppy, but their mother says it requires too much time. Instead, they got a turtle to share. The turtle is named Ernie. The theme and the central ideas are mostly told through the narrator, Cara. She is a young and precarious girl who lives with her mother and brother. She is not very intelligent, for example line 85-87 â€Å"I don’t understand why we have to learn about broken numbers. If something is broken, it’s wrecked and useless anyway. If it’s not your fault that it’s broken, you usually don’t need to care about it† This quote can be referred to the whole story, especially the last sentence when she kills the turtle. The expectations and responsibility for Cara is visible, because she is meant to take care of Ernie, but accidentally kills him by dropping him on the floor. Even though she kills him, Cara did not say a word to her mother, therefore the mother believes she has accomplished her responsibility for Ernie. It is easier for Cara to not tell the truth then admitting she failed her mother’s expectations. In addition to the quote’s last sentence, she says herself that if it’s not your fault that it’s broken, you usually don’t need to care  about it. In this case, it is her fault that â€Å"it’s† broken, consequently she should take care of it. She contradicts her self by not telling the truth. Cara’s relationship to her brother is like every other sibling relationship. They are not nice to each other, but at the end of the day, they have each other’s back. Jed is the one who get to keep Ernie in his room, but they shared playing with him fifty-fifty. Since they both are allowed to play with him, the responsibility is also equally shared. In the text Jed acts tough in front of his friend, Toby by ignoring his little sister. For instance in the text line 116-120 â€Å"I look at Ernie’s tiny, twitching legs and I feel like I’m going to be sick. â€Å"Don’t do it, Jed!† I say, â€Å"You’ll hurt him† Jed looks up at me, hair hanging over his eyes. â€Å"Private property† He says. â€Å"You’re being mean,† I say. â€Å"Don’t be so gay† Toby says. â€Å"Turtles don’t feel anything. They have shells† This quote shows that she wants to get his attention, and feels sad because he does not listen to her. A typical older brother, who tries to be cool and act tough in front of his friends. Jed also fails the expectations his mother have for him because he played with Ernie’s little life in a short string. The symbols in the text are clearly more or less. Firstly, the turtle symbolizes responsibility the two siblings need to take care of. The mother trusts them by giving them a pet, so they can share about the responsibility, but unfortunately ruins it. They do not tell her anything that has been going on while the mother is away. This shows the lack of responsibility of Cara and Jed. Another symbol can be Quit4Life, an organization that helps people stop smoking. Their mother is attending to their â€Å"get together†, but secretly she still smokes. That means she is lying to Quit4Life and the same is her children, when Ernie dies. That cannot be a coincidence. It is all about social heritage. The way their mother is in the society will eventually reflect on her children. She is their everyday role model. They look up to her, and since she is lying to other people, why shouldn’t the children lie.

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners Indirect questions are a form used to be more polite in English. Consider the following situation: You are talking to a man at a meeting that you have never met. However, you know his name and also that this man knows a colleague named Jack. You turn to him and ask, Where is Jack? You might find that the man seems a little bothered and says he doesnt know. He isnt very friendly. You wonder why he seems bothered. Its probably because you didnt introduce yourself, didnt say excuse me, and- most importantly- you asked a direct question. Direct questions might be  considered rude when speaking to strangers. To be more polite we often use indirect question forms. Indirect questions serve the same purpose as direct questions but are considered more formal. One of the main reasons for this is that English does not have a formal you form. In other languages, its possible to use the formal you in order to make sure you are polite. In English, we turn to indirect questions. Forming Indirect Questions Information questions are posed using the question words where, what, when, how, why, and which. In order to form an indirect question,  use an introductory phrase followed by the question itself in positive sentence structure: Introductory phrase question word   positive sentence Connect the two phrases with the question word or ‘if’ in the case the question is a yes/no question. that begins without a question word. Examples Where is Jack? I was wondering if you know where Jack is.When does Alice usually arrive? Do you know when Alice usually arrives?What have you done this week? Can you tell me what youve done this week?How much does it cost? Id like to know how much it costs.Which color suits me? Im not sure which color suits me.  Why did he leave his job? I wonder why he left his job. Common Phrases Here are some of the most common phrases used for asking indirect questions. Many of these phrases are questions (i.e., Do you know when the next train leaves?), while others are statements made to indicate a question (i.e., I wonder if he will be on time.). Do you know †¦ ?I wonder / was wondering †¦.Can you tell me †¦ ?Do you happen to know ...?I have no idea ...Im not sure ...Id like to know ... Sometimes we also use these phrases to indicate that wed like some more information: Do you know when the concert begins?I wonder when he will arrive.Can you tell me how to check out a book.I’m not sure what he considers appropriate.I don’t know if he is coming to the party this evening. Quiz Now that you have a good understanding of indirect questions. Heres a short quiz to test your understanding. Take each direct question and create an indirect question with an introductory phrase. What time does the train leave?How long will the meeting last?When does he get off work?Why have they waited so long to react?Are you coming to the party tomorrow?Which car should I choose?Where are the books for the class?Does he enjoy hiking?How much does the computer cost?Will they attend the conference next month? Answers The answers use a variety of introductory phrases. There are many introductory phrases that are correct, only one is shown. Make sure to check the word order of the second half of your answer. Can you tell me what time the train leaves?I have no idea how long the meeting will last.Im not sure when he gets off work.  Do you know why they have waited so long to react?I wonder if you are coming to the party tomorrow.Im not sure which care I should choose.Can you tell me where the books for the class are?I dont know if he enjoys hiking.Do you happen to know how much the computer costs?Im not sure if they will attend the conference next month.

Lady Godivas Famous Ride Through Coventry

Lady Godiva's Famous Ride Through Coventry According to legend, Leofric, the Anglo-Saxon Earl of Mercia, imposed heavy taxes on those who lived on his lands. Lady Godiva, his wife, tried to persuade him to remove the taxes, which caused suffering.  He refused to remit them, finally telling her that he would if she would ride  nude on horseback through the streets of the town of Coventry. Of course, he first proclaimed that all citizens should stay inside and close the shutters over their windows. According to the legend, her long hair modestly covered her nudity. Godiva, with that spelling, is the Roman version of the Old English name Godgifu or Godgyfu, meaning gift of God. The term peeping Tom supposedly begins with part of this story, too.  The story is that one citizen, a tailor named Tom, dared to view the noblewoman Lady Godivas nude ride. He made a small hole in his shutters.  So peeping Tom was applied after that to any man who snuck a peek at a naked woman, usually through a small hole in a fence or wall. How true is this story?  Is it a total myth? Exaggeration of something that really happened?  Like much that happened that long ago, the answer is not completely known, since there were not detailed historical records kept. What we do know:  Lady Godiva was a real historical figure. Her name appears with Leofrics, her husbands, on documents of the time.  Her signature appears with documents making grants to monasteries. She was, apparently, a generous woman. She is also mentioned in an 11th-century book as the only major female landowner after the Norman conquest.  So she seems to have had some power, even in widowhood. But the famous nude ride?  The story of her ride does not appear in any written record we now have, until almost 200 years after it would have happened. The oldest telling is by Roger of Wendover in the Flores Historiarum. Roger alleges that the ride happened in 1057. A 12th-century chronicle credited to the monk Florence of Worcester mentions Leofric and Godiva.  But that document has nothing about such a memorable event.  (Not to mention that most scholars today ascribe the chronicle to a fellow monk named John, though Florence may have been an influence or contributor.) In the 16th century, Protestant printer Richard Grafton of Coventry told another version of the story, considerably cleaned up, and focused on a horse tax.  A ballad of the late 17th century follows this version. Some scholars, finding little evidence of the truth of the story as it has generally been told, have offered other explanations: she rode not naked but in her underwear. Such public processions to show penitence were known at the time.  Another explanation offered is that perhaps she rode through town as a peasant might, without her jewelry that marked her as a wealthy woman. But the word used in the earliest chronicles is one used for being without any clothing at all, not just without outer clothing, or without jewelry. Most serious scholars agree: the story of the ride is not history, but myth or legend. Theres no reliable historical evidence from anywhere near the time, and that histories nearer the time have no mention of the ride adds credence to this conclusion. Lending strength to that conclusion is that Coventry was only founded in 1043, so by 1057, its unlikely it would have been large enough for the ride to be as dramatic as it is pictured in the legends. The story of peeping Tom doesnt even appear in Roger of Wendovers version 200 years after the ride supposedly happened. It first appears in the 18th century, a gap of 700 years, though there are claims of it appearing in 17th-century sources which have not been found.  Chances are the term was already in use, and the legend was made up as a good backstory.  Tom was, as in the phrase every Tom, Dick, and Harry, probably just a stand-in for any man, in making a general category of men who violated a womans privacy by observing her through a hole in a wall.  Furthermore, Tom isnt even a typical Anglo-Saxon name, so this part of the story likely comes from far later than the time of Godiva. So heres the conclusion: Lady Godivas ride likely belongs in the Just Aint So Story category, rather than being historical truth.  If you disagree: wheres the near-contemporary evidence? About Lady Godiva Dates:  born possibly about 1010, died between 1066 and 1086Occupation:  noblewomanKnown for:  legendary naked ride through CoventryAlso known as:  Godgyfu, Godgifu (means gift of God) Marriage, Children Husband: Leofric, Earl of MerciaChildren:Godiva was probably the mother of Leofrics son, Aelfgar of Mercia, married to Aelgifu.Children of Aelfgar and Aelfgifu included Edith of Mercia (Ealdgyth) who married Gruffydd ap Llewellyn and Harold II (Harold Godwinson) of England. More About Lady Godiva We know very little about Lady Godivas real history. She is mentioned in some contemporary or near-contemporary sources as the wife of the earl of Mercia, Leofric. A twelfth-century chronicle says that Lady Godiva was a widow when she married Leofric. Her name appears with her husbands in connection with donations to a number of monasteries, so she was likely known for her generosity by contemporaries. Lady Godiva is mentioned in the Domesday book as being alive after the Norman conquest (1066) as the only major woman to hold land after the conquest, but by the time of the books writing (1086) she had died.

Software Piracy at CWU Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Software Piracy at CWU - Research Paper Example The proposal includes suggestions on how to tackle this growing problem and the possible preventive actions that the school authorities can undertake in order to discourage software piracy. The report also includes recommendations pertaining to countermeasures that can be taken without making it seem like the school officials are trying to curtail the use of computers by the students. Please feel free to contact me at (indicate phone number) if you have any questions or comments regarding the content and interpretation of this report. Thank you for taking the problem of software piracy on campus seriously. Sincerely, ______________________________ (Name) Enclosure: Student Software Piracy Problems at CWU Executive Summary This report provides an analysis and evaluation of of the current senior college point of view, sentiments, and attitude with regards to software piracy. Methods used include question and answer surveys pertaining to the current knowledge of the senior class members about software piracy. The first category of questions were answerable by true or false with the results showing that 84 % of students answered true when asked if they knew that purchased software allowed for only one back up copy for the user. 16 of the students answered false to the same question. 94 students answered true when asked if they knew that making copies of copyrighted software is a federal crime, only 6 students answered false. 82 students knew that making a copy of a software program owned by my company for use at home, unless expressly allowed, is a violation of copyright law, 18 students answered false to the same question. 92 students also answered true when asked if they knew that software piracy is punishable by fine and... The intention of this study is software piracy as a problem that has plagued software manufacturers since the first personal computer was developed. Although the problem is fast becoming a society based problem, the reality is that college students comprise the largest segment of software pirates. College students do not seemed to recognize software piracy as a breach of ethics and find the practice to be socially acceptable and legal to a certain degree. Although CWU students have never been caught for software piracy and our school administration insures that all software installed on campus computers are properly licensed, that does not mean to say that software piracy does not exist on campus. Software piracy is a real problem onour campus and the university administrators seem powerless to stop it. At CWU, our Information technology department is trying to do their very best to resolve the software piracy issue among the student body but it seems that there are still certain ins tances when the piracy falls through the cracks and goes unnoticed. In fact, there are certain times when the student even uses the campus lab computers in order to access and download pirated software. Although most students know about the legal restrictions and obey the laws, there are still those students who push the envelope and try to see just how far they can take their piracy skills without getting caught.

Assess, Plan and Design Possible Teaching and Learning Interactions Essay

Assess, Plan and Design Possible Teaching and Learning Interactions that Promote Acquisition and Learning of Oral, Visual Art - Essay Example Persisting with difficulty: When she realized that the drip stand was empty, she persisted in searching for a bag of fluid to attach to it so that the drip station would look authentic. She even suggested to put clamps so that the fluid will not run down. Expressing an idea or feeling. Her play emulated a nurse administering an IV to her own hand and this was observed when she pretended to prick her finger. Taking responsibility. She asked that a note be placed on the medical equipment she was playing with so that no one will touch it and that it will still be available when she comes back to it next time. 2. Assessment: The assessment framework adopted is the Learning Stories Framework (Carr, 2001). It is an approach that tells a story about a child in action as observed and documented by a teacher or practitioner. It is a more holistic approach in assessing a child’s knowledge, skills and attitudes, which are reflective of the child’s competencies (Carr, 2006) 3. ... She has displayed adequate verbal communication skills as she was able to express herself when she requested for some things she needed in her play (Communication, 2, p. 76) She showed ownership of her play by asking her teacher to write a note not to touch her drip. She realized that the note can be read by others and is a form of communication (Communication, 3, p. 78) Observing Daneka gave the teacher ideas on how to help her in her language development. She seems to be open to learning because she is very curious and applies her ideas directly to her play (Communication 4, p. 80) In her play, Daneka learned that her ideas have value and with a responsive environment, she can pursue it. She realized that the practitioner respected her ideas and cooperated with her requests. She has learned that a real life experience can be reproduced in play. Daneka has shown that she has developed confidence in pursuing her ideas further by exploring what the drip would feel like if it were on h er. Daneka’s opportunity to observe her brother gave her ideas regarding the use of medical equipment thus supporting and extending her understanding of what is happening to her brother. (Indexed for Mind Map) *Emergent literacy is the term used to refer to the earliest period of a child’s literacy development, specifically the time between birth and when the child can read and write (Sulzby and Teale, 1991). According to emergent literacy theories, the child is the central figure in the construction of learning. His life experiences directly affect his literacy. One theoretical perspective in the area of emergent literacy is that children are innately predisposed to